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CHROMATOGRAPHY

1. Introduction

2. Paper
    Chromatography

3. Thin-layer
    Chromatography

4. Liquid
    Chromatography

5. Gas
    Chromatography

6. High_Pressure
    Liquid        
    Chromatography

7. Glossary

8. References


b
   
A German/English Chromatography Glossary

Abbreviation German term English term Comments
   

Adjusted retention time

Total retention time less the ‘dead time’ representing the column volume

   

Agarose

A high-molecular-weight polysaccharide from agar

   

Bleed; bleeding

Transfer of the ‘stationary’ phase into the moving phase

   

Chromosorb

Tradename for a GC support

   

Dead volume

Empty volume in a chromatograph such as tubing between injector and column, or between column and detector which does not help separation but which allows band broadening by diffusion

   

Dionex

US manufacturer

   

Eluotropic series

Series of solvents in order of increasing polarity

   

Endcapped (capped)

Reaction of residual

-Si-OH groups on a support with a reagent such as trimethylchlorosilane

   

Fronting

Opposite of ‘tailing’

   

Guard column

A short (expendable) segment of a column connected ahead of the main column to trap materials which will not move on the column, etc.

   

Heart cut

Material collected from the center of a chromatographic peak (presumably purest)

   

Micellar chromatography

Chromatography with micelles in the mobile phase. Micelles are aggregates of surfactant molecules, which act somewhat like an emulsified organic phase.

   

Mixed-bed

Two or more solid phases in one column

   

Modifier

Additive that changes the nature of the mobile phase (often another solvent of different polarity)

   

Normal phase

Chromatography in which the stationary phase (often water) is more polar than the mobile phase. As of 2003, less common than "reverse phase".

   

Pirkle

Dr. William Pirkle, Univ. of Illinois; developed a kind of bonded stationary phase

   

(Total) Retention time

Time from injection of sample until a component appears at the detector

   

Reverse phase

Mobile phase is more polar than the stationary phase

   

Rheodyne

Hardware manufacturer

   

Spherisorb

Tradename for a packing type

   

Supelco

US manufacturer/ distributor

   

Van Deemter equation

Relation between GC carrier gas flow rate and HETP

 

Affinitätschromatographie

Affinity chromatography

 
 

Alkaliperle

Alkali bead

In an NPD detector

 

Amperometrischer Detektor

Amperometric detector

 
 

Analysendauer

Run time

 
 

Angrenzende peaks

Adjacent peaks

 
 

Anionaustauscher

Anion exchanger

 
 

Anschlagen

Go off-scale; "pin"

 
 

Area-%

Area percent

Area of one peak divided by total area of all peaks

 

Asdorptions-Chromatographie

Adsorption chromatography

Chromatography in which the separation involves adsorption-desorption rather than partition

 

Aufenthaltszeit

Residence time

 
 

Auflösung

Resolution

Separation of peaks

 

Aufsetzerpeak

Rider peak

A small peak on the side of a larger one

 

Aufsteigende

Ascending

In paper or thin-layer chromatography

 

Auftragen

Spot

To apply a spot or line of a sample or standard solution to a paper or thin-layer chromatogram

 

Auftrageschablone

Application template

Controls spotting of samples for paper or thin-layer chromatography

 

Ausschluss-Chromatographie

Exclusion chromatography

Separation utilizing difference in ability of sample molecules to get into pores in the packing material

 

Autosampler

Autosampler

 
 

Bandbreite

Bandwidth

 
 

Basislinengetrennt

Baseline-separated

 
 

Basislinie

Baseline

 
 

Basislinienabschitt

Baseline intercept

 
 

Basislinienabweichung

Baseline drift

May be caused by bleeding of liquid phase, for instance

 

Bestimmungsgrenze

Limit of determination

The lowest concentration of a substance which can be determined quantitatively with acceptable precision; typically 3 to 10 times the limit of detection.

 

Blindprobe

Blank

May be an injection of nothing but mobile phase, or of a ‘sample’ containing none of the analyte (the material to be determined)

 

Bodenzahl

Number of (theoretical) plates

 
 

Breite in halber Höhe

(peak) width at half height

 
 

Bruttoretentionszeit

Total retention time

Total time from injection to appearance of peak

 

Calibrierlösung

Calibration solution

Solution of a standard at known concentration

 

Calibrierung

Calibration

Use of standards to establish a relation between peak location (retention time) and identity, or between peak size and quantity

 

Cationaustauscher

Cation exchanger

 
 

Dampfraum

Vapor space;

Headspace

In ‘headspace chromatography’ the vapor phase is analyzed as an indication of concentration in the liquid phase.

 

Derivatisierung

Derivatization

Producing compounds which are volatile or which are particularly easily detected

 

Detektor

Detector

 
 

Dichtring

Sealing ring; Ferrule

 
 

Differential detektoren

Differential detectors

Paired detectors on paired columns, one of which has only carrier gas, while the other has samples and standards injected. Helps in case of bleeding.

 

Druckgasflasche

Gas cylinder

 
 

Durchbruchsvolume

 

Volume of the mobile phase that flows from the time a non-retarded sample is injected until it appears at the detector.

 

Durchbruchszeit

 

Time between injection of a non-retarded sample and its appearance at the detector.

 

Durchflusszelle

Flow cell; flow-through cell

 
 

Dynamische Bereich

Dynamic range

A detector characteristic: the concentration range over which the detector response is linear

 

Eichen

Calibrate

 
 

Eichfaktor

Calibration factor

Relation of response to actual amount of standard; depends on compound and detector

 

Eichkurve

Calibration curve

Plot of response vs. amount for several standards

 

Eingangsabschwacher

Input attenuator; attenuator

Reduces sensitivity for strong signals

 

Eluat

Eluate

The material coming off a chromatographic column

 

Eluent

Eluent

The gas or liquid carrying the eluate

 

Empfindlichkeit

Sensitivity

 
 

Entwickeln / Entwicklung

Develop / development

Once sample spots are placed on a paper or thin-layer chromatographic sheet, the chromatogram is ‘developed’ by capillary flow of solvent.

 

Entwicklungskammer

Developing chamber; development chamber

In paper or thin-layer chromatography

 

Erfassungsgrenze

Detection limit

Defined as the concentration at which the beta error is equal to the alpha error. May be twice the ‘Nachweisgrenze’, but that depends on exact definition of Nachweisgrenze.

 

Fertigfolien

Prepared (manufactured) adsorbent-coated plastic films for TLC

 
 

Fertigplatten

Prepared (manufactured) plates for TLC

 
 

Fertigsäule

Prepacked column

Usually commercially made

 

Filmstärke

Film thickness

Thickness of the ‘liquid’ film

 

Fleck

A spot

In paper or thin-layer chromatography

 

Fluss

Flow

Sometimes used to mean flow rate (mL/min)

 

Flüssig-Chromatographie;

Flüssigkeits-Chromatographie

Liquid chromatography

Generally, any chromatography in which the mobile phase is a liquid; but sometimes used to mean column chromatography at little or no applied pressure.

 

Förderrate

Flow rate

Rate at which mobile phase is pumped into an HPLC

 

Fraktionssammler

Fraction collector

 
 

Front

Solvent front (paper or thin-layer chromatography)

 

 

 

Gasmaus

 

Glass cylinder with a valve at each end for collecting a gas sample, and with a septum so that some of the sample can be removed with a syringe for injection into a gas chromatograph

 

Gasprobenbeutel

 

Plastic bag for gas samples, with a septum connection.

 

GC-MS Verknüpfung

GC-MS coupling (or interface)

 
 

Gebundene Phase

(chemically) bonded phase

 
 

Geisterpeak

Ghost (phantom) peak

 
 

Gelpermeationschromatographie

Gel permeation chromatography

 
 

Gepackte Säule

Packed column

 
 

Glockenkurve

Gaussian curve

"bell-shaped" curve

 

Gradient

Gradient

A continuous change in operating conditions, usually either mobile phase composition or temperature

 

Gradienten Elution

Gradient elution

Operation with changing solvent or temperature

 

Halbwertsbreite

Width at half height

 
 

Injektor

Injector

 
 

Integriert

Integrated

Usually refers to peak area

 

Ionenaustausch

Ion exchange

 
 

Ionenaustauschchromatogrpahie

Ion exchange chromatography

See ‘ion chromatography’

 

Ionenchromatographie

Ion chromatography

Generally refers to use of a system utilizing ion exchange chromatography, usually a conductivity detector, and other components to analyze mixtures of either cations or anions

 

Ionenpaar

Ion pair

 
 

Ionenstärke

Ionic strength

 
 

Isokratische

Isocratic

Operation (elution) with constant mobile phase composition)

 

Kalibrierung

Calibration

 
 

Kapacitätsfaktor

Capacity factor

The maximum amount of sample for a column

 

Kapillarsäule

Capillary column

 
 

Kapillar-Strömungsmesser

Capillary flowmeter

Measures pressure drop across a capillary through which the carrier gas flows

 

Küvette

Cell; cuvet (or cuvette)

Usually for determining optical absorbance

 

Laufgeschwindigkeit

Mobile phase migration rate

 
 

Laufmittel

Mobile phase

In liquid chromatography

 

Laufmittelfront

Solvent front

In paper or thin-layer chromatography

 

Laufzeit

Duration of development or migration time (TLC); run time (GC, LC)

 
 

Leervolumen der Säule

Column volume

Volume of empty column

 

Leitfahigkeitszelle

Conductivity cell

Detector for ion chromatography

 

Lineare Geschwindigkeit

Linear flow rate

 
 

Lösungsmittelentgasung

Solvent (mobile phase) degassing

Important in HPLC because bubbles can form as the pressure decreases toward the end of the column.

 

Luft

Air

Needed for a flame ionization detector

 

Marke

Mark

On a volumetric flask, the line indicating the exact volume

 

McReynolds Konstant

McReynolds constant

 
 

Mehrstufengradient

Multistep (stage) gradient

 
 

Membranentgaser

Membrane degasser

GC-MS interface component

 

Membranfilter

Membrane filter

 
 

Messkolben

Volumetric flask

 
 

Mikrokügelchen

Microbeads

 
 

Mikropacksäule

Microbore column

 
 

Mikrosphärishce

Microspherical

 
 

Mitteldruckchromatographie

Flash chromatography

Literally, medium-pressure chromatography; but usually "flash chromatography" in English. Use of moderate pressure (e. g., 1.5 – 2 bar) to force mobile phase through a relatively large-diameter column.

 

Molekülsiebe

Molecular sieve

In GC context, one of several zeolite-like substances with defined pore sizes

 

Nachweisgrenze

Detection limit

Lowest concentration at which one can be reasonably sure that a compound is present

 

Nettoretentionszeit

Corrected (adjusted) retention time

Total retention time less dead time

 

Peakbreite

Peak width

 
 

Peakfläche

Peak area

A measure of quantity

 

Peakform

Peak shape

 
 

Peakhöhe

Peak height

A measure of quantity or concentration

 

Permeabilität

Permeability

 
 

Probenschleife

Sample loop

A short length of narrow-bore tubing which holds the sample to be injected onto the column

 

Reinst

"highest purity"

Not very meaningful without specific definition;

"reagent grade"

 

Responsfaktor

Response factor

Relation of peak area (for instance) to the actual amount of a component

 

Retention

Retention

 
 

Retentionsindex

Retention index

E. g., Kovats retention index; van den Dool & Kratz

 

Retentionszeit

Retention time

 
 

Rückspulung

Back-purge; back-flush

 
 

Sammelelektrode

Collecting (collector) electrode

In a FID-related detector

 

Säule

Column

Often a long thin tube

 

Säulenschaltung

Column switching

During a run

 

Säulenvordruck

Column inlet pressure

 
 

Schwanzbilding

Tailing

Deviation from ‘bell’ (Gaussian) peak shape, with the trailing edge extended

 

Schwebekörper-Strömungsmesser

Floating ball flowmeter

Device for measuring carrier gas flow

 

Seifenblasen-Strömungsmesser

Soap-bubble flowmeter

Device for measuring carrier gas flow

 

Selektivität

Selectivity

 
 

Signal-Rausch Verhaltnis

Signal to noise ratio

 
 

Split

Split

A GC injector which divides the injected sample and sends only a fraction of it to the column

 

Splitlos

Splitless

A type of GC injector which sends all the injected sample to the column

 

Stammlösung

Stock solution

Of a standard used for calibration

 

Stationäre Phase

Stationary phase

 
 

Stromungsgeschwindigkeit

Flow velocity (rate)

 
 

Suppressor

Suppressor

Component of an ion chromatograph

 

Systemeignung

System suitability

A test required by USP for pharmaceutical analyses

 

Tailingfaktor

Tailing factor

 
 

Temperaturprogram

Temperature program

 
 

Totzeit

Dead time

Retention time for a substance that is not delayed in the stationary phase; time to pass through the ‘dead volume’.

 

Trägergas

Carrier gas

The GC mobile phase

 

Trennkammer

Chromatographic chamber

For paper or thin-layer chromatography

 

Trennleistung

Column efficiency

 
 

Trennsäule

Analytical column

Separating column

Column

 
 

Trennschärfe

Resolution

Separation of spots or peaks

 

Trennstufenzahl

The number of separation stages (theoretical plates)

 
 

Überstromventil

Bypass valve

 
 

Umkehrbar

Reversible

 
 

Umkehrphase

Reversed phase

Mobile phase is more polar than stationary phase

 

Validierung

Validation

Experimental proof that an analytical procedure gives results of acceptable accuracy, precision, sensitivity, etc.

 

Verdrängung

Displacement

Process in adsorption chromatography, when an adsorbed component is replaced by one more strongly adsorbed.

 

Verdünnung

Dilution

Of standard or sample solution

 

Vertrauensintervall

Confidence range

A statistical measure of precision of an analytical procedure. For instance, the procedure may give 95% confidence that the true concentration is between x mg/liter and y mg/liter.

 

Verteilung

Partition

In the sense of distribution between two phases

 

Verteilungskoefficient

Distribution coefficient; partition coefficient

 

 

Vorsäule

Precolumn

Guard column

Replaceable section which most quickly gets contaminated from samples; also used to saturate mobile phase with stationary phase if that phase is slightly soluble

 

Wasserstoff

Hydrogen

A carrier gas, or fuel for a flame ionization detector

 

Wiederfindung

Recovery

A measure of the quality of an analytical procedure: add a known amount, and determine whether the same increased amount is found on analysis

BET

 

Brunauer-Emmett-Teller

A method for determining surface area by adsorption

DAD

 

Diode Array Detector

Measures absorbance at multiple wavelengths

DC

Dünnschichtchromatographie

Thin-layer chromatography

 

DEGS

 

Diethylene glycol succinate

A polymeric stationary phase

DSC

Dunnschichtchromatographie

Thin-layer chromatography

Note that DSC can also mean ‘differential scanning calorimetry’.

ECD

Elektroneneinfangdetektor

Electron capture detector

 

FID

Flammenionisationsdetektor

Flame Ionization Detector

 

FPD

Flammenphotometrische Detektor

Flame photometric detector

Measures specific emission from elements in the sample (e. g., S, Sn, P)

FTIR

 

Fourier Transform InfraRed (spectrometry)

 

GC-MS

 

Gas chromatography – Mass spectrometry

Uses the MS as the detector for the GC

HETP

Höhenäquivalent eines theoretischen Bodens

Height of equivalent theoretical plate

 

HPLC

Hockdruckflüssigkeitschromatographie

High Pressure Liquid Chromatography

Sometimes: High-Performance . . .

HPTLC

 

High-performance thin-layer chromatography

 

ID

Innenweite

Inside diameter

Of a column

ITD

 

Ion trap detector

 

MS

 

Mass Spectrometer

Mass Spectrometry

 

NPD

 

Nitrogen-Phosphorus detector

Uses a hot bead containing Rb or Cs to ionize nitrogen and phosphorus compounds

NPD

 

Nitrogen-Phosphorus Detector

 

ODS

 

Octadecylsilane

A very common reversed phase, typically with octadecylsilyl groups bonded to the support

p. a.

(Latin: pro analysi)

"highest purity"

Not very meaningful without specific definition;

"reagent grade"

PID

Photoionisationsdetektor

Photoionization detector

 

PLOT

 

Porous layer open tubular (column)

 

PND

Phosphor-Stickstoff Detektor; PND

Nitrogen-Phosphorus detector

 

PND

Thermionischer Detektor

Thermionic detector

 

Rf ; Rf

 

Retardation factor

Sample movement / solvent front movement in paper or thin-layer chromatography

SCOT

 

Support-coated open tubular

Has thin layer of packing (support + liquid phase) on inside of capillary

SFC

 

Supercritical fluid chromatography

Use of a ‘supercritical’ fluid as the mobile phase

SPE

Festphasenextraktion

Solid phase extraction

 

TC

 

Thermal conductivity

Detector type for GC

TCD

 

Thermal Conductivity Detector

 

TF

 

Tailing factor

 

TLC

Dünnschichtchromatographie

Thin-layer chromatography

 

UV

 

Ultraviolet

Detector type for LC

WCOT

 

Wall-coated open tubular (column)

Thin (e. g. 0.2 µm) coating of stationary phase on the inner wall of a capillary column

wh

   

Peak width at half height

wb

   

Peak width at baseline

wI

   

Peak width between inflection points

WLD

Wärmeleitfähigkeitsdetktor

Thermal conductivity detector (TCD)

 

z. A.

zur Analysis

for analysis; analytical grade; reagent grade

Not very meaningful without specific definition





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