| q | Quartet (spectroscopy) |
| Q | Glutamine (amino acid) |
| QA | Quantitative Analysis |
| QA | Quality Assurance |
| QA | Qualitative Analysis |
| QAC | Quaternary Ammonium Compound |
| QBA | Quadrilateral Ballistics Agreement (US, UK, Germany, Italy) |
| QC | Quality Control |
| QFP | Quad Flat Pack |
| QFQ | Q banding technique |
| QNS | Quantity Not Sufficient(for testing, analysis) |
| QP | Qualified Person(s)(UK, pharmaceuticals) |
| QPSK | Quadrature phase shift keying |
| QSR | Quality System Regulations |
| QTM | Quick-Turnaround Method |
| QWIP | Quantum well infrared photodetector |
| R | An alkyl group (organic chemistry) |
| R | Arginine (amino acid) |
| R&D | Research and Development |
| RA | Rheumatoid factor |
| RACE | Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (molecular genetics) |
| RAIU | RadioActive Iodine Uptake |
| RALPH | Rapidly Adampting Lateral Position Handler (robot chauffeur) |
| RAM | Random-Access Memory |
| RAPD | Random amplified polymorphic DNA |
| RARP | Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (Internet) |
| RAST | RadioAllergoSorbent Test |
| RATA | Relative Accuracy Test Audit |
| RATT | Radio teletype |
| RB | Regionalbahn; local train |
| RBBR | Remazol Brilliant Blue R |
| RBC | Red Blood Cells (or Count) |
| RCBS | US manufacturer of ammunition reloading equipment |
| RCGP | Royal College of General Practitioners (UK) |
| RCP | Royal College of Physicians (UK) |
| RCRA | Resource Conservation Recovery Act (USA) |
| RDA | Recommended Daily Allowance (vitamins, minerals) |
| RDS-TMC | Radio Data System with Traffic Message Channel |
| RdW | Recht der Wirtschaft(Austria) |
| RDX | Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (Hexogen, T4, Cyclonite)(explosive) |
| RE | Regional Express; rapid train between cities |
| RE | Restriction endonuclease |
| REACH | Registration, Evaluation & Authorization of Chemicals (EU) (proposed) |
| REIT | Real Estate Investment Trust |
| REL | Recommended Exposure Limit (US NIOSH) |
| REM | Rapid Eye Movement |
| REMF | Non-combat soldier (Rear Echelon Mother-F_____) |
| RF | Response Factor |
| RF | Retention Factor |
| RFC | Request for Comments (Internet) |
| RFI | Radio Frequency Interference |
| RFLP | Restriction fragment length polymorphism (genetic engineering) |
| RFNA | Red Fuming Nitric Acid |
| RFP | Request for Proposal |
| RFQ | Request for Quote (or Quotation) |
| RGM | Research Gas Mixture |
| Rh | 'Rhesus' blood factor (use Rh in English) |
| RH | Relative humidity |
| RHA | Rolled Homogeneous Armor |
| RIA | RadioImmunoAssay |
| RID | Reglement international concernant le transport des marchandises |
| RIMS | Resonance ionization mass spectrometry |
| RISC | Reduced Instruction Set Computer |
| RISH | Radioactive in situ hybridization |
| RIT | Rochester Institute of Technology |
| RIU | Refractive index unit(s) |
| RK | Radial Keratotomy |
| RLFP | Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism |
| RMS | Root Mean Square |
| Rn | Randnummer |
| RN | Round-nose(bullet) |
| RNA | RiboNucleic Acid |
| Ro | Italian WWI term: benzyl iodide and benzene |
| ROCE | Return on capital employed |
| ROI | Return on investment |
| ROK | Republic of Korea(South Korea) |
| ROM | Read-Only Memory |
| ROM | Range of motion |
| RP | Responsible Person(s)(UK, pharmaceuticals) |
| RP | Reverse-phase (usually applies to liquid chromatography) |
| RPR | Rapid Plasma Reagin |
| RPSGB | Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain |
| RPV | Remotely piloted vehicle |
| rRNA | ribosomal RNA |
| RR | Railroad |
| RR | Rapid Rectilinear (old photographic lens design) |
| RS | Rolled Steel |
| RS | Recommended Standard (e. g., RS232 serial communication) |
| RS | Reference Standard (used in USP) |
| RSC | Reaction Safety Calorimeter |
| RSD | Relative Standard Deviation |
| RT | Room temperature |
| RT | Reverse transcription (molecular genetics); reverse transcriptase |
| RT3U | T3 Resin Uptake |
| RTD | Resistance Temperature Detector |
| RTECS | Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances |
| RTL | Resistor-Transistor Logic |
| RTTY | Radio teletype |
| RWS | Rheinische-Westfalische Sprengstofffabrik |
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